Egypt

Development Indicators
**HDI Value- 0.708** I**MR- 28.36 (deaths/1,000 live births) (2008 estimate CIA World Factbook) International Rank of 81 CBR- 24.2 (births/1,000 people) (2005-2008** **UN World Population Prospects****) International Rank of 74 CDR- 5.6 (deaths/1,000 people) (2005-2008** **UN World Population Prospects****) International Rank of 156**
 * HDI Rank- 112**
 * LE- 67 (Years) (69 - Female) (65.2 Male) (2008 Globalis)**
 * PGR- 1.76 (%) (2005-2008 UN World Population Prospects) International Rank of 71**
 * GDP Per Capita (PPP)-**
 * **IMF Data: $5,495 (International Rank: 97)**
 * **WB Data: $5,352 (International Rank: 89)**
 * **CIA Data: $5,000 (International Rank: 111)**
 * Labor Force Per Sector (2001** **IndexMundi****)-**
 * **Services: 51%**
 * **Agriculture: 32%**
 * **Industry: 17%**



History
 What aspects of the history may have impacted the development of the country? One of the most prominent aspects that has impacted the development of Egypt is the establishment of a centralized government in the late 1950s and 1960s under the auspices of President Abdel Nasser. The socialist reforms that occurred began the subsidization of bread as well as the allowing the government to control the industries. Most of this occurred in the Nile Basin if not Cairo itself. After his death in 1970, President Sadat tried to increase foreign investments and trade in certain coastal cities, such as Port Said, Suez, and Alexandria, however many of industrial services are still centered in Cairo. The current Prime Minister, Ahmed Nazif, has commented that progress has been made since 2005 as the government has reduced personal and corporate tax rates, reduced energy subsidies and privatized several enterprises. The recent bread crisis, the burning of the parliament building, and the rockslide in Duweiqa still prove that more still needs to be done in order to ensure development. Furthermore, Egypt was also governed under the colonial powers of the French and the British in the late 19th century until 1952, and evidence of the colonial rule is evident, especially in the constitution, where new foreign investments must have an Egyptian counterpart that receives 50% of the revenues.  What role can history have on the rate of development of a country? History is relevant because many historical events have both short-term and long-term effects. Most of the time, the long-term effects have to be dealt with much later.

Water

 * Egypt has a hyper-arid climate and receives c. 2-3 in. rain / year – it is a water scarce country.
 * The Nile provides almost all of Egypt’s water. Other sources include: ground water in the Delta and New Valley and reusing agricultural drainage water.
 * As Egypt is the lowest (10th) riparian of the Nile River, trans-boundary conflict is always a threat to the necessary water resource.
 * 100% of Egypt’s growing land is cultivated.
 * Agriculture – 100% of Egypt’s growing land is irrigated due to the climate. The government subsidizes water resources (leading to water waste) and irrigation canals are often controlled by ministries. Often pumps are used to channel the water.
 * Water accessibility is a limit to economic development as the quantity of water per capita is declining with the growing population. Currently the value is 1000 CM / C / Y (“water poverty limit”) and it is predicted to fall to 500 CM / C / Y in 2025 which would be considered “water scarcity.”
 * Thousands of factories pollute the river with their waste and cause the natural habitat to die and affect the people who eventually may eat the wildlife.
 * Domestic accessibility: in 2001 91.3% of the households have access to piped water (Rural 83%).
 * Those in rural areas who do not have access to domestic tap water, are generally within 500 meter (15 min walk) of a pump which they must attend up from 8 to 12 times dialing. Alternatively, some choose to buy bottled mineral water, but this is expensive.

Sources: GAIA, http://balwois.mpl.ird.fr/balwois/administration/full_paper/ffp-490.pdf
 * Sanitation**
 * Growing population, rural-urban migration, and limited resources have led to the development of slums (Egypt has some of the world’s largest), which have poor sanitation.
 * There often are no sanitary methods of disposing sewage in such slums.
 * Though a high percentage of the population has access to tap water, sanitation is limited.
 * 58% of rural inhabitants have access to any kind of sanitation. Toilets are often pits that are not regularly emptied.
 * According to UN MDG’s – Egypt must provide sanitation to 77% of its population by 2015 (they are currently on track with 70%).

Sources: http://www.unicef.org/egypt/wes_131.html, http://www.irinnews.org/Report.aspx?ReportId=77066 (2008 article)


 * Slums**
 * 2006-7 the Egyptian government has put efforts into providing basic infrastructure, electricity, water and sanitation to their slums (it is said to be millions or billions of investments). Yet the government is criticised for not addressing the actual growth in slums; not concerning themselves with the housing.
 * Egypt has c. 1,220 urban slums with 12-15 million people (Arafa 2006).
 * One popularly known slum inhabitants are the Zabaleen.

Sources: http://www.thedailynewsegypt.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=1964 (2006 article), **(prognosis)** || **2030** **(prognosis)** ||
 * Urban Population**
 * **Year** || **1950** || **1960** || **1970** || **1980** || **1990** || **2000** || **2005** || **2015**
 * **Urban Population**
 * (Percent)** || 31.9 || 37.9 || 42.2 || 43.8 || 43.4 || 42.1 || 42.3 || 44.9 || 54.1 ||


 * http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/indicator_detail.cfm?IndicatorID=30&Country=EG**
 * (see website for interactive graph)**

% of population urbanized, 2006-2008 43 % Average annual growth rate of urban population (%), 1970-1990 2.4 Average annual growth rate of urban population (%), 1990-2006 1.8 http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/egypt_statistics.html http://www.globalhealthfacts.org/country.jsp?c=76&i=85&cat=7

% of Population Undernourished – 4% (UNDP 2002 - 2004) 2006 estimate - 10.3%
 * Undernourished Population**

http://www.statistiques-mondiales.com/en/egypt.htm (good website for all statistics)

Distribution of wealth
• Gini coefficient (0=perfect equality, 100=perfect inequality): 34 • G-econ map (see below): wealth is concentrated in the north-east in Cairo and Alexandria – little wealth further along Nile, very little wealth elsewhere • Percent of total income earned by the richest 20% of the population: 39.0% • Percent of total income earned by the poorest 20% of the population: 9.8%

Distribution of Income or Consumption by Percentage Share: Egypt Lowest 10% 4.4 Lowest 20% 9.8 Second 20% 13.2 Third 20% 16.6 Fourth 20% 21.4 Highest 20% 39.0 Highest 10% 25.0



Evidence of core-periphery: - Cairo is the governorate with the largest reported population growth percentage (10.7%) - Internal migration, which has redistributed 25% of Egypt’s population mostly occurs from a) South » North to Cairo and Alexandria b) South/North » Cairo/Alexandria - Over 19.5% of Egypt’s population lives in Cairo; political and economic center of the country - Although there is far more rural than urban land in Egypt, 45% of the population live in urban areas

Trade
1. Exports: $24.45 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) Export partners: US 9.7%, Italy 9.5%, Spain 7.6%, Syria 5.5%, Saudi Arabia 4.9%, UK 4.2% (2007) 2. Imports: $44.95 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.) Import partners: US 11.7%, China 9.7%, Italy 6.4%, Germany 6.3%, Saudi Arabia 4.7%,Russia 4.3% (2007)
 * Crude oil and petroleum products
 * Cotton
 * Textiles
 * Metal products
 * Chemicals
 * Machinery and equipment
 * Foodstuffs
 * Chemicals
 * Wood products
 * Fuels

3. Trade Balance: -20.5

4. Trade Bloc: African Economic Community (AEC) Greater Arab Free Trade Area (GAFTA),

Aid
foreign aid received (as % of GNI): 1970 2.24 1980 6.44 1990 12.91 2000 1.32 2006 0.81

donors: US, France, UNDP, World Bank

foreign debt: $29.339 billion in 2006

debt as % of GNP: 105.8%

Total debt service as percent of exports of goods and services: 10.3%

membership of global institutions: AU, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, ICC, IMF, Interpol, OAPEC, UN, UNAMID, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNMIL, UNRWA, WHO, WTO

Resources and resource consumption

 * Electricity Consumption**

Total Energy Consumption

 * Year || Data Source || Value || Notes ||
 * 2004 || [|BP World Energy (2005)] || 2.252 EJ || - ||
 * 2003 || [|BP World Energy (2005)] || 2.177 EJ || - ||
 * 2003 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 2.450 EJ || (provisional) ||
 * 2002 || [|BP World Energy (2005)] || 2.072 EJ || - ||
 * 2002 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 2.422 EJ || - ||
 * 2002 || [|IEA (2005)] || 1.635 EJ || - ||
 * 2001 || [|BP World Energy (2005)] || 2.068 EJ || - ||
 * 2001 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 2.377 EJ || - ||
 * 2001 || [|IEA (2004)] || 1.407 EJ || - ||
 * 2000 || [|BP World Energy (2005)] || 1.993 EJ || - ||
 * 2000 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 2.115 EJ || - ||

**Per Capita Energy Consumption**

 * Year || Data Source || Value || Notes ||
 * 2003 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 9463.20 kWh/capita || (provisional) ||
 * 2002 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 9540.86 kWh/capita || - ||
 * 2002 || [|IEA (2005)] || 9187.70 kWh/capita || - ||
 * 2002 || [|World Bank (2005)] || 9180.61 kWh/capita || - ||
 * 2001 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 9552.01 kWh/capita || - ||
 * 2001 || [|IEA (2004)] || 8606.20 kWh/capita || - ||
 * 2001 || [|World Bank (2005)] || 8850.31 kWh/capita || - ||
 * 2000 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 8666.91 kWh/capita || - ||
 * 2000 || [|World Bank (2005)] || 8468.15 kWh/capita || - ||
 * From The IAEA

Electricity Production**

Total Electricity Production

 * Year || Data Source || Value || Notes ||
 * 2004 || [|BP World Energy (2005)] || 97.70 TWh || - ||
 * 2003 || [|BP World Energy (2005)] || 91.52 TWh || - ||
 * 2003 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 84.26 TWh || (provisional) ||
 * 2002 || [|BP World Energy (2005)] || 85.68 TWh || - ||
 * 2002 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 81.62 TWh || - ||
 * 2002 || [|IEA (2005)] || 86.07 TWh || - ||
 * 2002 || [|World Factbook (2005)] || 81.27 TWh || - ||
 * 2001 || [|BP World Energy (2005)] || 80.22 TWh || - ||
 * 2001 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 76.60 TWh || - ||
 * 2001 || [|IEA (2004)] || 82.68 TWh || - ||
 * 2001 || [|World Factbook (2004)] || 75.23 TWh || - ||
 * 2000 || [|BP World Energy (2005)] || 72.98 TWh || - ||
 * 2000 || [|U.S. DOE (2005)] || 72.08 TWh || - ||
 * From The IAEA

Oil Consumption** 635,000 (bbl/day) - 24th Largest Consumer


 * Other Energy Resources**
 * Coal
 * Natural Gas
 * Hydroelectricity

Environmental quality
- Ecological footprint: A country's EF is the total area of productive land or sea required to produce all the crops, meat, seafood, wood and fiber it consumes, to sustain its energy consumption and to give space for its infrastructure.

Year 1999 2001 Ecological Footprint (Global hectares per person) 1.49 1.50

- % of world’s CO2 emissions, 1900-1999: 0.26% - energy resources – mainly rely on fossil fuels



- Protected areas as a percent of total land area (2003): 5.7% - Current environmental issues: agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage; limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources

ty from G-Econ project, Yale University. The basic metric is the regional equivalent of gross domestic product. Gross cell product (GCP) is measured at a 1-degree longitude by 1-degree latitude resolution at a global scale.

Resources: (please add others as you find them) http://www.nationmaster.com/index.php http://globalis.gvu.unu.edu/ http://hdr.undp.org/en/statistics/ http://www.oneworld.net/ http://www.eldis.org/ http://gecon.yale.edu/ http://www.unhabitat.org/ http://www.gapminder.org/ [|http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20399244~isCURL:Y~menuPK:1192694~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html] http://earthtrends.wri.org/pdf_library/country_profiles/eco_cou_818.pdf - good graphs of GDP per sector, distribution of wealth, other economic indicators etc