Upper+Egyptians+to+Cairo

MIGRATION UPPER EGYPT TO CAIRO

[|http://wikitravel.org/upload/shared//thumb/0/06/Map_of_Egypt.png/350px-Map_of_Egypt.png]

Table of Contents :
 * Introduction ||
 * Causes ||
 * Ravensteins Laws ||
 * Effects in Cairo ||
 * Effects in Upper Egypt ||
 * Changes in Migrants ||

**Introduction: **

Intraregional migration in Egypt mostly occurs from South to North; which means from Upper Egypt to Lower Egypt. Migration from Upper Egypt to Cairo has highly increased during the past decades as more people leave rural areas & move to the cities in order to achieve a better quality of life. These voluntary migrations are caused by both push and pull factors between the regions, which have affected Egypt economically, politically and socially.


 * Type of migration **: intraregional voluntary migration.

**__Causes: __** v Unavailability of job opportunities in villages à increasing unemployment · Works in villages are mostly agricultural (seasonal) · Industrialization = new machinery that takes over working hand needed à less working spots available. v Deteriorating living conditions in the villages · No piped water · No sewage systems v Lack of health care and education v Increase in agricultural rent à since most people are landless (don’t own their private land) can’t afford rent. v Example: Construction of Dam in Aswan 1960’s = no land to cultivate any more; thousand migrated to Cairo and worked as drivers, etc.
 * __ Push Factors : __**

[] v Difference is salary and wages between Upper Egypt and Cairo à average of 7.96 LE /day in Upper Egypt VS 19.31 LE/day in Cairo. v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Construction boom à encouraged many unskilled laborers, especially to move to Cairo and work in the pavement of roads, construction of buildings, digging of canals etc.  v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  Better living conditions – compared to village life (though they still live in places with poor hygiene) v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Nasser’s “industrial revolution” - from agricultural to a partially modernized industrial one à thousands of people migrated to the cities in search for a working spot in the factories with new facilities for job opportunities.
 * __ Pull Factors: __**

In this case, the case study corresponds to this law since in Egypt, most migration occurs from Upper Egypt to those more developed cities, due to an increase in their living conditions and greater job opportunities; thus making urban citizens less likely to move to those unindustrialized regions.
 * __<span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: #ffcc00 none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #0047ff; font-family: Impact; font-size: 15pt;">Ravensteins Laws: __**
 * Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> ****__ Most migrants travel short distances and their numbers decrease as distance increases: __** Migration from Upper Egypt to Cairo fits this law since it moving to Cairo means traveling a shorter distance than going abroad, thus a greater number of people tend to migrate to this city.
 * Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> ****__ Urban dwellers are less likely to move than their rural counterparts: __**<span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: aqua none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: blue; font-family: Impact; font-size: 10pt;">

<span style="background-color: #00ffff; color: #ff0000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 190%;">__**Effects in Cairo:**__ Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Cairo will experience quicker modernization and urbanization à more people work for the new facilities, encouraging their spread. Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">  à Financial increase in the region.
 * __ Economic: __**
 * ** Positive ** ||
 * Faster development ||

Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Increasing demand for cheap accommodation will result in the creation of more slums in Cairo à those would be exclusive or predominant for migrants. Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Additionally, this massive increase in population could ignite conflicts and tension between the different ethnicities – encourages racism.
 * __ Social: __**
 * ** Negative ** ||
 * Slums ||
 * Ethnic tension ||

[]

Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Since more people will live in the same area, more pressure and dependence is imposed on natural resources à water availability, land, etc. Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Moreover, it will cause greater pollution due to the amount of waist such a large population produces, impacting tremendously the environment.
 * __ Environmental: __**
 * ** Negative ** ||
 * Stress on natural resources ||
 * More waist = pollution ||

Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> A larger population will add pressure on the government to provide with basic facilities such as schools, health care centers, housing, etc, for the immigrants.
 * __ Political: __**
 * ** Negative ** ||
 * Stress on government ||

Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Hyper-growth of Cairo à leads to overpopulation; city not able to contain thousand of immigrants due to lack of physical space. Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Increment unevenness in demographic distribution à Cairo & Lower Egypt densely populated, whereas Upper Egypt sparsely populated (Cairo’s net gain from the South averages about a 40% of its total immigrants).
 * __ Geographical: __**
 * ** Negative ** ||
 * Overpopulation ||
 * Spatial distribution ||



[]

Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Migration from Upper Egypt to Cairo has had both positive and negative economic effects on Upper Egypt à some positives effects include an increase in job opportunities, as larger amounts of people move to the cities, increasing their availability for those that remain. Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> However, this decrease in the working population will lower the productivity of the region, largely affecting those people that depend on them à these are the results of weak and insufficient work force.
 * __<span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: #b3ff00 none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #ffcc00; font-family: Impact; font-size: 15pt;">Impact of migration in Upper Egypt: __**
 * __ Economic: __**
 * ** Positive ** || ** Negative ** ||
 * More job opportunities || Decrease in working population ||
 * More land space || Low economic growth ||
 * || Insufficient work force ||

Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> There have been positive effects on the environment due to this movement, since there will be a decrease in the consumption of natural resources (water) and less stress on the land. Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Additionally, more available land as people migrate, which would be used for more farming. Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> As a result of people leaving, there will be less pollution and less waist produces by the population of that region.
 * __ Environmental: __**
 * ** Positive impacts: ** ||
 * Less consumption of natural resources ||
 * More resources available ||
 * More space ||
 * Less pollution ||

[] Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> There have been negative political effects, due to an increase in unemployment à the government is financially in trouble Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> At the same time the percentage of poverty is increasing. Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> The government won’t be able to provide for their population with facilities such a as health care and education, since they won’t have enough money to support it.
 * __ Political: __**
 * ** Negative: ** ||
 * Government not able to provide basic facilities ||
 * Stress on Government - working force decreasing ||
 * Less income ||

Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Due to immigration Upper Egypt’s populations has been decreasing tremendously as larger amounts of the population migrates à leaving behind elders, females and children, since Egypt’s youth tends to experience rural-urban migration more than old one; disrupting the natural demographic pattern. Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> At the same time, the region is losing more people through emigration that they are gaining through immigration, causing instability of the demographic distribution of Upper Egypt []
 * __ Geographical: __**
 * ** Negative: ** ||
 * Decrease in total population ||
 * Influences demography of region ||

**__<span style="background-color: #ff00ff; color: #000080; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 190%;">Changes in migrants: __** -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Old Migrants à blended and integrated into the Cairo social and economic life. -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Established Migrants à Those who kept their Upper Egypt identities and traditions, while living in the city. -<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Circular Migrants à those who just come for economic reasons and to find a better job, keeping their families and major parts of their lives in their place of origin. []
 * In the short run, there a profitable change in the migrants will occur since they will earn more money to support their families and hopefully increase their quality life.
 * However, in the long run, Cairo will be saturated and reach a point of overpopulation à resulting in the return of those migrants to they place of origin, due to a lack of jobs opportunities and a decreasing quality of life.
 * à Migration will therefore occur from urban to rural areas, symbolizing the strife for jobs.
 * Migrants can be classified into 3 different groups:
 * At the same time, the exposure to modernization will create a higher regard towards family planning, the value of children and the responsibility they represent.
 * Higher aspirations in life are also acquired, such as new views towards education, hygiene, etc.

<span style="-moz-background-clip: border; -moz-background-inline-policy: continuous; -moz-background-origin: padding; background: #ffcc00 none repeat scroll 0% 0%; color: #0047ff; font-family: Impact;"> §<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Gilbar, Gad G. //Population Dilemma in the Middle East//. Frank Cass. Print. ISBN: 0-7146-4244-4 §<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Waugh, David. //Geography, an Integrated Approach (Geography S.)//. Third ed. Nashville: Nelson Thornes, 2007. Print. ISBN: 978-0-17-444706-1 §<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Zohry, Ayman. "Unskilled Temporary Labor Migration from Upper Egypt to Cairo." //PDF File//. CEDEJ, Oct. 2002. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. <http://www.files.emigration.gov.eg/Upload/Publications/English/17/Unskilledtemporarylabormigrationfromupperegypttocairo.pdf>. §<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> Zohry, Ayman. "Interrelationships Between Internal and International Migrations in Egypt: A Pilot Study." //PDF File//. University of Sussex, July 2005. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. <http://www.migrationdrc.org/publications/research_reports/AymanReport.pdf>.
 * __ Bibliography: __**