West+Africans+to+southern+USA

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Migration of West Africans to Southern USA

//The Transatlantic Slave Trade //
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=Background: = Starting in the 1500's there was a boom in the economy of the slave trade. As more people were moving to the Americas, the demand for laborers for large, warm climate plantations and household help increased. Although they could use the indigenous people as a labor force, they were unreliable and many were dying from diseases brought over from Europe. Europeans occasionally had military capture slaves, but mainly they traded with the African Kins and merchants. West Africa was the source for about 12.5 million slaves brought to the Americans between the 1500's and the mid 1800's. The slaves were transported by the hundreds in slave ships, where the conditions were terrible with poor food supplied, very tight quarters and poor, if any, hygiene. These factors resulted in a lot of disease and death, even within the first few weeks on their voyage. The death rate was estimated to be about 13%. Only about 4% of the slaves transported from west Africa were taken into the slave market in the now present day USA. However, the Caribbean sent additional slaves. This trade slowly began to die off when the British passed the Slave Trade Act of 1807 which made trading slaves illegal. == = = =Type of migration: =
 * Forced- the Europeans enslaved the West Africans and transported them to the southern USA
 * External
 *  Permanent

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 * = Factors = ||
 * Push Factors
 *  There are no push factors for the west Africans other than the Europeans forcing therm out of their original homes and "pushing" them away from West Africa. || Pull Factors:
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;"> A pull factor is what draws a migrant to a new home. They usually are thought of as an attraction to the migrant. In this specific migration, however, the pull factor is physical force form the Europeans. ||

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=**<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Application to Ravenstein's Laws: **= <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Because the migration of west Africans to the southern USA is a forced migration not very many of Ravenstein' s Law apply to it. > <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;"><span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;"> The process of dispersion (emigration) is the inverse of absorption (immigration)
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Emigrating from western Africa, immigrating to the southern USA, even though it was forced.
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Most migrants fall into the 20-34 age range
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">The age range of 20-34 was the middle of the prime working years. Although there were younger and older slaves taken many were this age.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">*<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">  <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 99%; text-align: left;">Governments helped European nations capture West Africans and turn them into slaves <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> ||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left;">* <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;">Forced some families to move into caves and mountains to avoid capture; changing topography, and building small civilizations on mountains <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left;">* <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;">The population of West Africa became more dispersed as people stayed away from big cities and villages    ||< * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">West Africa’s demography became unbalanced <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;">Populations did not trust local governments as governments helped out in the slave trade, and sold them to European nations ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 99%; text-align: left;"> As slave trade slowly decreased, people would slowly move to cities and big villages. ||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;"> Slave trade increased illegally, as it was not allowed in the 19th century. || (1960-Present) ||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left;">* <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;">When nations receive their independence, leaders have a hard time governing over their entire nation as it is composed of different cultures, includes different languages, and is not used to an established system of central self-government. ||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left;">* <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;">People that had left big villages because of their fear of being captured might choose to live as nomads rather than in villages and cities, thus the human-environment interaction differs as a result of the slave trade  ||< * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">African culture became more diverse as people lived in smaller groups and avoided large villages, which led them to develop their own cultures within their tribes. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; text-align: left;">
 * ~  ||||||||~ <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;"> ||
 * < =**__<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Impact of West African slave trade on West Africa __**= ||
 * < <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 121%; text-align: left;">Effects ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Political ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Environmental ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: left;">Socio-Economic ||
 * < Short term (1600-1860) ||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;">Governments were wealthy, while their people were poor and lived in fear of slavery
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">West Africa lost its healthy youth group (15-35)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Population decrease
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Economy falls (no working population)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">West Africa lost more men than women
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Gender ratio goes up (more women than men)
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">People lived in hiding for fear of capture ||
 * < <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 108.9%; text-align: left;">Medium Term (1860-1960) ||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;">Tribes and familial governance became more common as people tended to avoid big villages and would live and travel in small groups
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;">Increase in nomads
 * < <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 108.9%; text-align: left;">Long term
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Because of the generation gaps caused by the slave trade, traditions were passed down to future generations, but history got lost and became vague.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Slave trade has caused Africa to be economically undeveloped compared to the western world, and the inbalance in their demography has caused Africa to be a few hundred years behind the rest of the world in terms of economy ||
 * =**<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: left;">Impact of West African slave trade on the USA **= ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 121%;">Effects || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Political || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Environmental || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Socio-economic ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Short term (1600-1860) || * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The beginning of slavery begun a economic boom to the southern States. There were more people to provide labor, therefore, more land could be planted.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">cotton industry
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">tobacco
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">indigo || * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Once slavery began in the southern United States the amount of land that could efficiently be planted for crops increase. As time went on the soil would lose its nutrients and the plantation owners would buy new land for new crops, cutting down forest and other ecosystems. ||< * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Another class was added into the social pyramid, that of the slaves. Slaves are forced into labor and do not have any rights to do anything. They are considered to be the property of others.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The upper class began to depend on the imported slaves as household help, giving them more free time for themselves. This caused the gap between the upper and lower classes to widen. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Medium Term (1860-1960) || * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">There is internal tension between the northern USA and the southern USA because the northerners, mainly, begin an anti-slavery movement.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The contrasting opinions of slavery in the north and south United States contributed to the American Civil War.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Slavery is abolished in 1865 by the 13th Amendment after the end of the Civil War.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">African-Americans are granted US citizenship and the right to vote with the 14th and 15th <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Amendments in 1868 and 1870 . || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> N/A

|| * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Although African-Americans gain citizenship and the right to vote after the Civil War there is a great deal of racism, discrimination and prejudice towards the African American population. >> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> (1960-Present) || * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">There are noticeably less African American leaders in government potions, than Caucasians because they are still becoming active in society. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 120%;"> =**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 132%;"> Changes within migrant group between initial time of migration and present: **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> = =<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> = <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Terror acts
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Initiated by the Klu Klux Klan
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">lynching
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">race riots
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Legal discrimination
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">poll taxes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">grandfather clauses
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Segregation
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">restaurants
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">buses
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">other public facilities
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Civil Rights movement begins
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) is created in 1909.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">activists and entertainers speak out ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Long term
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The 2008 elections of Barack Obama is noted as a 'step forward in race relations'
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">the White population paid a major role in electing him || <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> N/A || * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">The Civil Rights Movement continues.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Martin Luther King Jr. leads many nonviolent protests
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Civil Rights Act of 1964.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Increased the educational and economical opportunities for African-Americans in the USA ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Migrant group went from being slaves and not having any rights to being citizens of the US, and having equal rights as the rest of the population.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Migrant group went from receiving no wages and working harsh conditions to having equal job opportunities and equal pay.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">Migrant group went from not being a part of society or government, to holding public offices and government positions, including president and senator.

Citations: http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/index.faces http://africanhistory.about.com/od/slavery/tp/TransAtlantic001.htm http://www.google.com.eg/search?q=slave+trade&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&hs=Hnm&tbs=tl:1&tbo=u&ei=DxDcSpLoBtaK_AbQ67XGDA&sa=X&oi=timeline_result&ct=title&resnum=13&ved=0CDAQ5wIwDA http://www.slavevoyages.org/tast/assessment/estimates.faces __The Slave Trade__. Thomas, Hugh. 380.114 THO.

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