Chinese+to+Shanghai

 Chinese to Shanghai Migration

toc [|http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-we/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=184463]   This map shows the location of Shanghai in relation to the rest of China. Shanghai is on the coast of China which leads to it being a trading center and its industrialization. **Type of migration: Internal Rural – Urban Migration**  This is a migration flow chart showing internal migration in China. Shown above a majority of rural farmers migrate towards the coast and to Shanghai. The width of the arrows indicates the number of people who migrate, where the thickest arrow shows 2,000,000 to 3,000,000 people migrating and the thinnest arrow shows 180,000 to 299,999 people migrating.

= Background: =

Shanghai's industry and commerce has been growing rapidly causing many Chinese farmers and youth from the rural parts of China to migrate to Shanghai in search of a better life and more opportunities. Shanghai's various pull factors including its location on the coast of the China Sea have led to its success as a destination for rural farmers.

This graph shows Shanghai's population growth from 1985 to 2003. As shown above Shanghai's population is steadily growing due to the influx of rural migrants in Shanghai.

=Push Factors =


 * Lower standard of living
 *  Rural areas- less chance to develop and increase salary due to low economic growth in middle Chinese regions
 * Less fertile land
 * Problems with water supply due to water shortages and polluted water
 * Slow economy and decreasing trade
 * Less career opportunities for youth due to the low level of economy

    <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center;">The pictures above show the rural life of China. The shortage of water supplies in the middle of the Chinese region is one of the push factors that causes a majority of rural farmers to migrate to Shanghai. =<span style="color: #0e7c0e; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Pull Factors = <span style="color: #808000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">
 * <span style="color: #808000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">**Location** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">**:** Located in the lower area of the Yangtze River and along the coast of China
 * <span style="color: #808000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">**Resources:** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> Abundant <span style="color: #808000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">water/underground water supply <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> from surrounding bodies of water
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">High fertility of soil around the bodies of water
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt;">Higher production of goods and easier availability of resources due to industrial urban development
 * <span style="color: #808000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">**Employment:** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 110%;">Higher availability of job opportunities therefore lower unemployment rate <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Access to aid for the foundation of businesses
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Higher income

[] <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center;"> <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">

This pie chart shows the division of jobs in Shanghai. As shown above the largest portion of jobs is in the field of manufacturing which is a result of Shanghai's development in commerce and industry. This pie chart also shows the various job opportunities available to rural migrants.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;"> [|http://www.gallup.com/poll/27058/chinas-consumergoods-gaps-represent-budding-market-opportunities.aspx__] <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center;">This bar graph shows the difference in services and resources that are available in rural, urban, and the top three cities, which includes Shanghai, by comparing them side by side. Shown above the basic services are much higher in urban cities such as Shanghai due to its development.
 * <span style="color: #808000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">**Education** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">**:** High standard of education shown by the majority of population that attend secondary school and college
 * <span style="color: #808000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">**Standard of living:**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Better housing
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Advanced medical care
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Social services such as retirement homes, day care centers, saftey and security, etc.

=** //<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Georgia,serif;">V ideo on Migrant Workers in China and their standard of living // **= [] This video shows the hardships that migrant workers in Shanghai and in other cities in China undergo. This relates to the negative aspects of migrating to Shanghai, which is a trading center with advantages as well as disadvantages to it.

=<span style="color: #a63e0c; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">Connection to Ravenstein's Laws =

**Ravenstein's Original Laws**

__The longer the journey, the more likely it is that the migrant will end up in a major center of industry or commerce.__
 * Most people living in rural parts of China migrate to cities on the coastal region of China which includes Shanghai. Since Shanghai is developing and has a large appeal to the rural population a majority of migrants end up in Shanghai. This is because of its high economy, its abundance of water as well as its agricultural development. If it was not a major center of industry there would be little attraction for migrants from rural areas.

__Urban dwellers are less likely to move than their rural counterparts.__
 * Urban areas such as Shanghai attract rural migrants due to it developing status and benefits. Once migrants reach Shanghai most of them obtain a higher standard of living, have an increased amount of services, and choose to stay in Shanghai instead of returning to rural regions.

**Additions to Ravenstein's Laws**

__People are leaving rural areas in ever increasing numbers.__
 * The ideal of the urban lifestyle in Shanghai and the increasing awareness of the opportunites in this city pull many people from rural areas to migrate there. Therefore causing a great population reduction in rural areas.

__Most Migrants fall into the 20-34 age range.__
 * Shanghai targets the youth population through its technological and economic development as well as job opportunities that it contains. This is due to the fact that within this age range the people are more able to adapt to change in their environment, and because they are more able to withstand a working lifestyle.

=<span style="color: #430ca6; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Impact on rural parts of China (origin) =


 * Lower economic growth due to the lack of the working force population in rural areas
 * Decrease in population as people migrate to Shanghai
 * Ageing population as a result of the youth that emigrate to Shanghai for various reasons such as obtaining income, job opportunities, a better lifestyle etc.
 * Increase in rural household income
 * Fall in agricultural production- due to the lack of youth available to work in the field
 * Less modern technology and new ideas due to large number of elderly people left in rural area

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center;">The pictures shown above show the impacts of rural to urban migration, as large populations move from rural areas of China to Shanghai, several rural areas are left bereft of a quality working force, and depleted population.

=<span style="color: #430ca6; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> Impact on Shanghai (destination) =


 * Increase in working population leading to higher economic growth
 * Strain on resources due to over consumption
 * Water shortage due to increasing consumption
 * More potential for crime
 * Need for more government services and social services such as medical care, housing, education etc.
 * Effort to control the number of migrants who enter Shanghai
 * More risk of contracting certain diseases and illness due to increase in density of population
 * Overcrowding and dissatisfaction with living conditions and sanitation services of Shanghai

[] <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Palatino Linotype','Book Antiqua',Palatino,serif; text-align: center;">This bar graph shows the increase of migrant workers in Shanghai from the year 1983 to 2000. As Shanghai's development in its economy increases so will the number of rural migrants. <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #971c1c; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;">

=<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #0e7c0e; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;"> Predictions for the Future =


 * Increase in services provided in order to accommodate growing population
 * Not enough taxes to maintain quantity and quality of services
 * Such as waste collection and management, productions of goods, housing etc.
 * Large increase in population density
 * <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Significant increase in produced waste that leads to pollution in air, water, and earth
 * More risk for conflict due to ambitions in competition especially within labor
 * Many of the rural migrants will return to their rural areas mostly for reasons of dissatisfaction with the services and overcrowding provided in Shanghai

=**<span style="color: #430ca6; font-family: 'Arial Black',Gadget,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Bibliography: **=

__Websites__ <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"> <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"> >
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">"Shanghai." <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">// United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific // <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">. Web. 14 Oct. 2009..
 * <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Tahoma,sans-serif;"> Fang, Cai, and Wang Dewen. "Impacts of Internal Migration on Economic Growth and Urban Development in China." Web. 15 Oct. 2009.
 * <span style="color: #262a2c; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 20px;"> "Migration in China -." // Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia // . Web. 14 Oct. 2009. <[] >.
 * "Shanghai Basic Facts." 2006. Web. 11 Oct. 2009. <[] >.
 * <span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Tahoma,sans-serif;"> Roulleau-Berger et Shi Lu, Laurence. "Migrant Workers in Shanghai -." // China perspectives // . Mar.-Apr. 2005. Web. 17 Oct. 2009. <[] >.

__News article__ __Book__
 * Berg, Nate. "China's Rural-Urban Migration." // Planteizen // . 29 July 2007. Web. 16 Oct. 2009. <[] >.
 * Codrington, Stephen. // Planet Geography // . 4th ed. Hong Kong: Solid Star, 2007. Print.

__Other__
 * Chan, Kam Win. "Internal Labor Migration in China (pdf)." Jan. 2008. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. <www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_PopDist/Chan.pdf>.

<span style="color: #262a2c; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Tahoma,sans-serif; line-height: 20px;">

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">